Fifth International World Wide Web ConferenceMay 6-10, 1996, Paris, France
Fifth International World Wide Web Conference
The World Wide Web and Distributed Object-Oriented Systems (e.g. CORBA) provide future infrastructures for distributed client/server computing. This paper presents our work to provide the integration of CORBA objects into the Web: first, to describe Web services using object-oriented technologies and second to access any Information System developed with CORBA from the Web.
We present a new Shared Information Space model with the following issues: Object Orientation Design, Distributed and Heterogeneous Environment, Users' Point of View, Object Invocation and Navigation.
Navigation over SIS is supported by CorbaWeb, a Generic Object Navigator, composed of metascripts allowing the access, the representation and the invocation of any CORBA object from the Web. These operations are achieved by scripts written in CorbaScript, an interpreted scripting language which can dynamically invoke any CORBA objects.
WWW, object orientation, CORBA, interoperability, scripting language, generic object navigator.
In the last five years, most computing technologies have been influenced by the object-oriented approach: design methods, databases, components libraries, programming languages and distributed object-oriented systems. As [Black94] pointed out, WWW may be seen as an Object-Oriented Operating System. It furnishes the canonical functionalities of an OOOS:
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In this paper, we present a new model which defines shared information spaces.
This model is supported by the CorbaWeb environment [Merle96]:
A generic gateway between http servers and CORBA objects.
This enables to navigate over and invoke CORBA objects as easily as users navigate over WWW documents.
With CorbaWeb, a WWW client can navigate through CORBA object links
using dynamically generated URLs for each object.
These URLs refer to CorbaWeb scripts:
a first one executes any operation on any object,
a second one automatically generates HTML Forms from IDL interfaces
and a third one generates an HTML representation [Berns95]
of the object state.
Currently, these scripts are CGI programs written in CorbaScript.
CorbaScript is an interpreted scripting language to apply
any operation on any CORBA object.
Objects are dynamically invoked through the Dynamic Invocation Interface (DII):
Invocations are checked thanks to the object IDL signatures
retrieved from the CORBA Interface Repository.
The following example illustrates an IDL description. It defines the object interface computer. This interface contains three operations: is_prime_number which computes if a number is prime, prime_numbers which computes prime numbers less than a number and decompose_into_prime_factors which decomposes a number into its prime factors.
interface computer {
typedef unsigned long Positive;
boolean is_prime_number (in Positive number);
sequence<Positive> prime_numbers (in Positive number);
sequence<Positive> decompose_into_prime_factors (in Positive number);
};
This object type can be implemented with any language supported by CORBA.
A language mapping defines how this language interfaces with CORBA.
Currently, the mappings for C, C++, SmallTalk and Ada95 are specified by the OMG.
Nevertheless, an effective computer implementation could be done on a supercomputer
because prime algorithms consume many CPU resources.
In the following sections, a computer instance is considered as
a distributed resource.
The CorbaWeb environment is supported by the following components (cf Fig.2):
Thus, CorbaWeb dynamically furnishes a transparent access to all CORBA objects through a WWW server. In the next section, we present the main characteristics of the language CorbaScript which is the basis of the CorbaWeb environment.
The first way of using the CorbaWeb environment allows the writing of CGI programs which invoke objects. These programs are written with the language CorbaScript. After describing the main features of the CorbaScript language, we show how to integrate in the Web a previous object computer via a CorbaScript program.
echo instruction outputs any value.
It recursively explores structures, unions, arrays and sequences
to display their field values.
For instance, a structure is displayed by an HTML list.
Each field is an item of this list.
An object reference is displayed by an HTML anchor referring to
a CGI script which displays the object (cf View Meta Script).
:=) sets a value to a variable.
Variables are defined at their first use.
A variable can be set with any IDL value.
if condition then
instructions1
[ else
instructions2
] end
while condition do
instructions
end
try instructions1 catch exception
instructions2
]* catchany
instructions3 ] end catch clause.
If an unexpected exception is raised then instructions3 are executed.
If an exception is raised from a catch block (e.g.
instructions2,instructions3) then it is
propagated in the previous block.
. operator) permits operation calling,
attribute getting or attribute setting on any CORBA object.
A script is a set of instructions handling values and variables. A CorbaScript value could be:
(10, 'a', "hello"),
+, or, <=, ...),
$computer), and
computer(my_computer:computerSvr:blanche) refers to an object of type
computer with the name my_computer;
this object is managed by the computerSvr application which runs on the host blanche.
We have a complete mapping of IDL in CorbaScript so we can handle
simple or composed IDL values (integer, character, string, sequence, union, ...).
The shell performs type inference on the parameters; for example (10, "hello", True)
given as a parameter to a method call is translated into the appropriate IDL structure.
The user does not give the IDL types neither for the items in the structure
nor for the structure type; all this work is done by the interpreter.
Fig.3. The Prime Service Page and its HTML Forms.
The following program illustrates the way to write a CGI script to access a CORBA object computer.
#! /usr1/bin/cwsh echo "Content-Type: text/html\n\n<HTML>\n" $computer := computer(my_computer:computerSvr:blanche) if $QUERY_STRING = "" then # generates HTML Forms (cf Fig.3) # each text field of HTML forms is named 'number'. end if $QUERY_STRING = "is_prime" then ... invokes computer and displays result ... end if $QUERY_STRING = "prime_numbers" then $result := $computer.prime_numbers($number) echo "The prime numbers less than the number " , $number , " are\n<P>\n" echo $result end if $QUERY_STRING = "decompose" then ... invokes computer and displays result ... end echo "</HTML>\n"The CorbaScript interpreter is named cwsh. It translates CGI parameters into CorbaScript variables (e.g. $QUERY_STRING, $number). The variable $computer refers to a computer instance. This script generates an HTML document according to the value of the CGI variable QUERY_STRING, if it contains :
CorbaScript simplifies the implementation of CGI scripts which interface objects with the Web. But this first approach looks like the standard CGI programming, the main difference being that CorbaScript is a dynamic interpreted scripting language specially designed for CORBA and OMG-IDL. Thus, the Web integration of several million objects and several hundred object interfaces requires to program a plethora of CGI scripts. In the next section, we introduce the concept of meta scripts to solve this engineering problem.
#! /usr1/bin/cwsh
echo "Content-Type: text/html\n\n<HTML>\n"
if $QUERY_STRING "" then
echo "<TITLE>" , $QUERY_STRING , "</TITLE>\n<BODY>\n"
try
execute ($QUERY_STRING)
catchany
echo "Exception raised: " , $EXCEPTION
end
echo "</BODY>\n</HTML>\n"
else
# generates HTML Form for user's input
end
This script presents the new instruction execute and a
special variable $EXCEPTION.
The new instruction takes one string as a parameter and executes
it as a CorbaWeb script.
This executed script can raise exceptions and the meta script must catch them
and signal it to the Web user.
The special variable $EXCEPTION stores the last exception.
CorbaWeb unmarshalls an exception into an HTML list as it unmarshalls complex IDL types.
This generic unmarshalling is based on the possibility to explore a CORBA TypeCode
which represents an IDL type at runtime.
This script aims at providing a distant invocation mechanism for mobile code. The next meta script reuses this meta script in order to provide a generic object browser which allows the invocation of any defined operation on any object type.
For instance, the computer object can be browsed via HTML Forms (cf Fig.4a) automatically generated by the Interface Meta Script. Then it can be invoked via the Exec Meta Script (cf Fig.4b).
Fig.4. Meta Script Execution Examples.
Thus, the view meta script takes two parameters: an object reference and a profile. It retrieves from the CorbaWeb Repository the appropriate view script according to the object type and the profile. Then it executes the retrieved script. This script calls attributes and operations on the object, and generates an HTML document presenting the object state. The script can also generate HTML forms to invoke object methods.
For instance, Fig.5 shows complex HTML documents generated by view scripts. These snapshots illustrate an hospital information system mixing multimedia information and structured object information. In this example, the user is a physician and its profile is mapped by the HTTP authentication mechanism.
Fig.5. HTML Pages of a French Hospital Information System.
Note that the navigation across structured information is achieved by anchors. These anchors are URLs dynamically generated referring to the view meta script.
Then the CorbaWeb Repository and the View Meta Script are powerful tools to handle meta information (scripts) to display any CORBA object according to users' profiles.
In W3Objects[Ingham95], all Web resources are seen as objects described by an interface. Then Web servers are represented by W3Object instances. This approach aims at providing an extensible web architecture.
Our approach focusses on the access to any CORBA object through generic mechanisms
without specific developments for such objects.
With CorbaWeb, users can display resources and invoke operations defined on them.
In that way, our work provides the access to objects from Web instead of the design of Web applications using objects.
Let's note that specific Web applications can be developed with CORBA objects and
accessed by the CorbaWeb environment.
The integration between WWW and Object-Oriented Design is a great deal to manage the explosion of Web services. We propose a generic gateway to integrate any object on the Web server side. This integration is supported by the environment CorbaWeb: A new scripting language CorbaScript and a set of meta scripts. Each meta script implements a meta operation on CORBA objects. At present, we defines three meta scripts: the Exec one executes any operation on objects, the Interface one generates automatically Graphical User Interfaces from IDL interfaces and the View one generates an HTML representation from the object state (via scripts stored in the CorbaWeb Repository). This set of meta scripts can be easily extended.
We are testing this environment on a hospital information system: It is modelized by objects and the users' interface is implemented by WWW browsers and CorbaWeb. This experimentation will aim at defining new required meta scripts and proposing an object access control policy for the CorbaWeb environment.
Our shared information space model combines the benefits of both environments: WWW as an hypermedia browsing environment and CORBA as a structuring object-oriented system. We argue that WWW and CORBA will merge to provide the next infrastructure for distributed client/server computing. Thus we submit that Web resources could be implemented by distributed CORBA objects. CorbaWeb allows WWW clients to access, display, navigate over and invoke any CORBA object, therefore it provides a set of functionalities to support a generic object navigator.
[Berns95]
T. Berners-Lee and D.W. Connolly,
Hypertext Markup Language - 2.0,
Internet Network Working Group RFC 1866, MIT/W3C,
November 1995.
<URL:ftp://ds.internic.net/rfc/rfc1866.txt>
[Berns96]
T. Berners-Lee, R. Fielding, and H. Frystyk,
HyperText Transfert Protocol - HTTP/1.0,
Internet Network Working Group draft,
Work in progress (expires August 19, 1996),
MIT/LCS, UC Irvine,
February 19, 1996.
<URL:ftp://ds.internic.net/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-http-v10-spec-05.txt>
[Black94]
A.P. Black and J. Walpole,
Objects to the rescue! or httpd: the next generation operating system,
ACM-SIGOPS 94,
Sixth SIGOPS European Workshop,
Wadern Germany,
September 1994.
<URL:ftp://sigops.informatik.uni-kl.de/sigops/papers/S.Postscript.Black>
[Edwards95]
Nigel Edwards,
Object Wrapping (for WWW) -- The Key to Integrated Services?,
The AnsaWeb Project, Document Identifier APM.1464,
Architecture Projects Management Ltd, Cambridge,
1995.
<URL:http://www.ansa.co.uk/ANSA/ISF/1464/1464prt1.html>
[Everitt96]
Paul Everitt,
The ILU Requester: Objects Services in HTTP Servers,
W3C Informational Draft 07-Mar-96,
<URL:http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/TR/WD-ilu-requestor>
[ILU]
Inter-Language Unification -- ILU
<URL:ftp://ftp.parc.xerox.com/pub/ilu/ilu.html>
[Ingham95]
D. Ingham, M. Little, S. Caughey, S. Shrivastava,
W3Objects: Bringing Object-Oriented Technology to the Web,
Fourth International Conference on the World-Wide Web,
Boston, December 1995.
<URL:http://www.w3.org/pub/Conferences/WWW4/Papers2/141/>
[Jagannathan94]
G. Alamsi, A. Suvaiala, C. Goina, C. Cascaval, V. "Juggy" Jagannathan,
TclDii: A TCL Interface to the Orbix Dynamic Invocation Interface,
TR, 1994.
<URL:http://www.cerc.wvu.edu/dice/iss/TclDii/TclDiiDoc.ps>
[Manola93]
J.R. Nicol, C.T. Wilkes, F.A. Manola,
Object Orientation in Heterogeneous Distributed Computing System,
IEEE Computer 26,
June 1993.
[McCool]
R. McCool,
The Common Gateway Interface,
<URL:http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/overview.html>
[Merle96]
P. Merle, C. Gransart and J.M. Geib,
CorbaScript and CorbaWeb: A Generic Object-Oriented
Dynamic Environment upon CORBA,
In Proceeding of TOOLS Europe'96, Palais des Congrès, Paris,
Prentice-Hall,
February 96.
<URL:http://www.lifl.fr/~merle/papers/TOOLS96.ps.gz>
[NeXT]
The WebObjects Home Page,
<URL:http://www.next.com/WebObjects/>
[OMG92]
Object Management Group,
Object Management Architecture Guide, Revision 2.0,
OMG Document Number 92.11.1,
September 92.
[OMG93]
Object Management Group,
The Common Object Request Broker: Architecture and Specification,
Revision 1.2,
OMG Document Number 93.12.43,
December 1993.
<URL:ftp://ftp.omg.org/pub/docs/1993/93-12-43.ps>
[OMG94]
Object Management Group,
Universal Network Objects,
OMG Document Number 94.9.32, September 1994.
<URL:ftp://ftp.omg.org/pub/docs/1994/94-09-32.ps>
[ORBIX]
The Orbix Home Page at IONA Technologies.
<URL:http://www.iona.ie>
[Python]
The Python Language Home Page,
<URL:http://www.python.org>
[Rees95]
O. Rees, N. Edwards, M. Madsen, M. Beasley, A. McClenaghan,
A Web of Distributed Objects,
Fourth International Conference on the World-Wide Web,
Boston, December 1995.
<URL:http://www.w3.org/pub/Conferences/WWW4/Papers/85/>
[Web*]
Web* Home Page,
<URL:http://webstar.cerc.wvu.edu>
[Wegner90]
P. Wegner,
Concepts and Paradigms of Object-Oriented Programming,
ACM OOPS Messenger, Vol 1 Number 1,
Aug 1990.
Christophe Gransart obtained his PhD in Computing Science from the University of Lille (LIFL) in 1995. His previous work was on BOX : A Model and a Language for Concurrent and Distributed Object-Oriented Programming. Now he is a lecturer at the University of Lille. His main areas of research are Distributed Object-Oriented Programming with CORBA, Cooperative Work and ATM. He is a member of the OSACA project.
Jean-Marc Geib is a professor in Computer Science at the University of Lille. At present he is the Director of the Computer Science Laboratory of the University of Lille, and the scientific administrator of the Objects and Actors Research Group. His main topic concerns object approach for distributed systems and parallel applications.