Fifth International World Wide Web ConferenceMay 6-10, 1996, Paris, France
Fifth International World Wide Web ConferencePaul Thistlewaite and Steve Ball Cooperative Research Centre for Advanced Computational Systems Australian National University, Canberra.
In Section 2 of this paper, we discuss the current
capabilities and deficiencies
of HTML forms. In Section 3, we describe a system we
have built using Tcl/Tk [2]
that provides active capabilities on the client-side of a HTML form, which
overcomes such deficiencies. In Section 4 of the paper,
we describe the work
that remains to be done to make our system for active forms more functional.
2. Current HTML FORMs Capabilities and Requirements
Alternatively, inputs to a form may provide arguments to an application, such as a search engine, or parameters to a CGI script, thereby altering the behaviour of that application and the subsequent information provided by the server to the client.
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Verification that the input to a particular field satisfies the constraints
(internal or external) of the field should occur at the time that the user
enters the value into the relevant field (see [1] or
[5]), and if the supplied
value fails to satisfy these constraints, then an appropriate pop-up message
should occur at this time, detailing the nature of the error. Currently,
HTML-forms provide no way of verifying such constraints until the form is
submitted and examined by a server-side form processing program.
Figure 1: The SurfIt! WWW browser.
<FORM SCRIPT="/tcl/form.tcl" METHOD=GET ACTION="/cgi-bin/submission">
The applet is started as soon as it becomes available. This may be after it has been loaded from a remote server, or immediately if it is stored locally, for example in the browser's cache. Starting the applet as soon as the start tag of the form is encountered may be problematic: the applet may need to be informed of the contents of the form for it to function properly. However, the Tcl Applet API provides a means for the applet to be notified when the form end tag has been reached, and so the applet may choose to delay performing any processing until that notification has been received.
SurfIt! provides no extensions to HTML to support client-side scripting, nor are any required due to the availability of Tk for managing the form. This is in contrast to JavaScript [6], which extends HTML to embed applet directives by introducing new, arbitrary, attributes for the <FORM> and <INPUT> elements.
An applet attached at the form level is terminated when a new hyperpage is
loaded.
The browser also provides other mechanisms for the user to control any applet,
including
the means to explicitly terminate an applet.
3.3 The Tcl Applet API
In order to be able to perform useful functions an applet must be able to
interact with the browser.
Tcl applets and the browser may interact in two ways: via the
applet command
and by means of browser call-ins.
applet Commandapplet command to retrieve information and perform
applet-related functions. Some of the commands which are useful to an applets
attached to a form include:
form" when executed by an applet
attached to a form.
applet command also includes functions related specifically to
forms,
such as:
HMapplet_item procedure (see
below).
Figure 2: A sample form, with the applet displaying information gathered for the input items.
The applet is free to manipulate the widget associated with an input item using
the facilities provided by Safe-Tk. For example, if the applet wishes to
monitor
the keystrokes being entered into the Entry widget for all text items then it
would use the bind command, for example:
proc HMapplet_item {type name value win} {
switch $type {
text {
bind applet {monitor_keystrokes %W %A}
bindtags $win "applet [bindtags $win]"
}
.
.
.
}
proc HMapplet_item {type name value win} {
global item_$name
set item_$name [list $type $name $value $win]
.
.
.
}
Other applications may have simpler requirements and will want to employ general-purpose applets to achieve certain common effects, for example to constrain a certain text type input item to have only a numeric value. In this case the applet will wait until the input item with the correct name parameter is parsed and will store that item's details and bind a script only on that item. For example:
proc HMapplet_item {type name value win} {
switch $type {
text {
bind $win <KeyPress> procedure that enforces field type
}
.
.
.
}
}
A current limitation of the HTML v3.0 specification is that only one script may be attached to a form. This may be overcome by simply specifying an applet that loads the scripts for all of the other required applets and executes them.
The tax return form will be much easier for the user to fill out if the form is organised into field zones which are sequenced. For example, a dependent spouse rebate will only be applicable if the user has indicated that they are married. Another example (see Figure 3 and Figure 4) shows that fields, with accompanying text, may be displayed only if the user indicates that they must fill out that part of the form.
Figure 3: The form before the user has pressed the "Yes" button.
Figure 4: The form after the user has pressed the "Yes" button.
Note that the "No, I didn't" button will return the form to its original state.
To insert new text or widgets the script needs to know an index in the Tk Text
widget at which to insert the new items. The Tcl applet API allows the script
to find the beginning and end index of the form by using the applet
embedindex
and applet formendindex commands respectively. These two indices
give a bound within which new items must be placed. The current implementation
of Safe-Tk cannot prevent the applet from inserting characters outside these
bounds, but a future version may enforce that restriction. It is also useful to
use the
indices of the input items themselves as "anchors" around which to
place text. The Tk Text
widget allows the widget pathname to be used as an index, which is very
convenient
for this purpose. For example:
[applet embedwindow] insert [applet embedwindow].input,1 "Some extra text"
If the execution of the applet's HMsubmit_form procedure results in a Tcl error being generated then the form submission is cancelled. This may be used to implement certain effects such as retrieving two button clicks on an input image and then submitting the form with parameters that include the locations of the two clicks. For example,
proc HMsubmit_form {method query} {
global hasclicked
if {the form submission is due to an image click} {
if {$hasclicked} {
# This is the second mouse click
return $query
} else {
# This is only the first mouse click
set hasclicked 1
error ""
}
}
}
Upon form submission the script should first check the state of the form to make sure it is consistent. If there are any problems then the user must be notified and an error returned, which will cancel the form submission. User feedback may consist of a popup dialog, a visual indication of the offending field (for example, by flashing it's background a different colour), an audible indication (that is, a beep), or any combination of these.
If the applet's internal representation of the state of the form is acceptable
then a new form submission string may be constructed. If the applet
does not manage all of the input items in the form then the string supplied by
the browser
must be modified or added to. If the applet has changed the form's user
interface by
either adding or removing
input items then the query passed to the applet's HMsubmit_form
procedure by the browser may simply be ignored and a new query constructed based
upon the applet's own internal state.
The string passed back to the browser must consist of pairs of values, ie. it
should contain an even number of elements.
The first element in each pair is the name of the parameter and the second
element
is the value of the parameter. The browser will then generate an appropriate
URL to
send to the server. For example, if the applet returns name {Steve Ball}
age {None of your business} as the result of the
HMsubmit_form
procedure then the browser will send the URL
To address this problem some additions must be made to the Tcl applet API to allow an applet attached to a form to add new input items and remove existing input items, rather than allowing the applet to directly manipulate the user interface as is currently done now. This will allow the browser to maintain the state of the form and will ensure that the browser's state information is consistent with the user interface for the form at all times, even when the applet has been terminated. This will make the management of forms more robust and will simplify applet development.
Although an applet is quite at liberty to modify the hyperpage in any way, when adding text to the document it would be desirable for the text to take on the characteristics of an HTML element or of the HTML element(s) surrounding the new text - that is, the applet should add text at the HTML level rather than at the raw widget level. Moreover, although it may be possible to deduce the necessary Tk Text widget tags to achieve the desired effects, such details are browser implementation dependent.
The Tcl applet API will be extended to support adding text and elements to the hyperpage, hiding implementation details on how stylesheets are applied to the document text. If an applet adds new text to an existing HTML element then the styles and subclass of that element will also apply to the newly added text. For new HTML elements there are two modes in which an applet may add new elements, either with subclassing of the element or with no subclassing. The latter case poses no problems, but in the former case for privacy reasons it would be unwise to allow an untrusted applet access to the stylesheets active in the browser, so there would be no way for an applet to discover the defined subclasses. However, many applets will be written specifically to manage a certain form and in that case the subclasses will be known in advance. The extension to the applet API should cater for both these cases.