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NetBraille-J: Learning
support system of Japanese Braille
in World Wide
Web
Mitsuji Kadota and Michiaki
Yasumura Keio University, Graduate School of Media and
Governance 5322 Endo, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252
Japan Phone: +81-466-47
5111 Fax: +81-466-47
5041 E-mail: {orecchi,
yasumura}@mag.keio.ac.jp
Abstract
This paper describes a WWW-based system called NetBraille-J which supports
learning Japanese Braille for the sighted beginners or casual observers.
Braille is one of the most effective method for blind people to access
literal information, but publishing in Braille is costly and needs
considerable man-power. In Braille libraries, it needs volunteers to
transcribe into Braille when making books by themselves.
Meanwhile, people's interest in Braille is still not high. Since the
linguistic structure of Japanese language is different from English,
Japanese Braille is relatively complex than that of in English, it is
difficult to learn.
To solve these
problems, we have developed a system called NetBraille-J, which
provides the environment that supports learning Japanese Braille. The
system consists of three parts: 1) basic instructions of Braille, 2)
examining the basic structure writing Braille with Java applet, 3) step
by-step exercise with contextual instructions. The users who are novice
to Japanese Braille or casual observers can receive instructions in
Japanese Braille and Braille
writer.
Introduction
Information media for the
blind people consists of Braille and speech. Braille is the system for
accessing literal information by touching raised dots. By using Braille,
blind people can read and write letters and access the
information as sighted people can. They can also control the speed of
reading, thus Braille is one of the most effective method to access
literal
information. In
Japan, Braille books are handled by Braille libraries. Publishing in
Braille format is expensive, so Braille publishers barely exist. In
order to make their collection satisfactory, Braille libraries
must make Braille books by themselves. The handmade Braille books are
the main part of their collection. For example, Japanese
Braille Library, Tokyo, supplied 2996 new books in 1995. Among the
new books, 2856 books are handmade, that is 95%. Volunteers
who belong to Braille libraries actually transcribe printed letters to
Braille. Volunteers also accept personal requests from blind people and
transcribe the materials they want to
read. Recently, auto
transcription from Japanese letters to Braille by computer has been
researched and developed, but accurate auto transcription is still
difficult. It needs correction by human. In addition, even if
technology of auto transcription make remarkable progress, human
transcription is still valid since a transcriber can
insert comments when
necessary. The volunteer
transcribers are necessary to satisfy the needs of the blind
people, and to maintain quality of service. Supporting
Braille literacy will be useful to increase the number of the
volunteers. Japanese Braille
Braille system was
invented by Louis Braille in 1825 and was established as the international
standard in 1878. Japanese Braille system is based on Louis Braille's 6
dot system, and improved by Kuraji Ishikawa. Ishikawa
made Japanese Braille system fit to Japanese
language. Phonological
and orthographic difference in Japanese and English makes transcription
process of Japanese Braille very unique. Difference in
Japanese and English language
The noticeable phonological
difference between Japanese and English is in syllable structure where
English syllable is basically closed (CVC: a consonant + a vowel + a
consonant) and Japanese syllable, open
(CV). In terms of
orthography, Japanese is written with Kanji, Kana
(Hiragana and Katakana), western alphabet and Arabic
numerals. Kanji is an ideogram imported from China and
Kana is a phonogram created from Kanji by
Japanese. While alphabet represents a single sound, Kana
represents a syllable (a consonant and a vowel). Each Kanji can be
transcribed by Kana's. Generally, Kanji's are used as
independent words whereas Kana's, as function words.
Since Japanese is written with a combination of Kanji and
Kana, unlike English and other western languages, a space is not
usually inserted between words. Transcribing Japanese
sentence to Braille
In order to transcribe Japanese sentence
to Braille, two levels of work is done. First, transcribe Kanji to
Kana. Secondly, transcribe Kana to Braille based on
Japanese Braille code. Transcription from Kanji to
Kana
First step is the transcription from Kanji to
Kana's. A Kanji has multiple ways of reading: the sound of
Japanese origin, "kun" and that of Chinese origin,
"on" [1]. Appearance of
these two sounds in sentence is based on complex rules of Japanese. After
that, insert space between words in order to make all Kana
strings easy to read. Finally, several Kana characters,
which have the same sound as basic Kana have to be fixed. The rule
of Japanese Braille provides the last two processes. But sometimes the
rule is not unified, especially for numerals, personal nouns and foreign
words. Transcription from Kana to Braille
Braille
has 6 dots in a cell and each cell can represent 63 kinds of letters. This
is not sufficient to cover Japanese orthography at all
when Kanji's are considered. This is why Kanji
Kana conversion is necessary. However, we still need to
secure 98 kinds and 63 is not enough. Therefore the following rules
were defined by Ishikawa, the inventor of Japanese
Braille. - 1. Among 6 dots, 3 dots (dots 1-2-4) are to
represent a consonant, the other 3 dots(dots 3-5-6) a
vowel.
- 2. Braille for "Daku-on", voiced
sounds and "You-on", sounds of combination of CyV such
as in "kya" uses 2 cells where first cell contains an
indicator for such sounds.
Arabic numerals and alphabet
are represented in different rules which basically follows the English
Braille coding. 
Figure 1: The basic structure
of Japanese Braille Problems in Learning Japanese
Braille
A beginner of Japanese Braille will meet problems
when learning as follows: complex and sometimes not unified
rules in transcription from Kanji to Kana too many
combinations between Kana character and Braille cells to
memorize The former is a problem lies in Japanese orthography
itself, while the latter can be improved by instructing the structure of
Japanese Braille effectively. Braille Literacy Support
System
We developed a system called NetBraille-J, which
provides Braille literacy support environment. NetBraille-J
encourages learning of Japanese Braille and introduces Braille
system widely through internet. System
Description
The system is implemented with HTML and Java
applets on World Wide Web. This means anyone on the Web can learn
writing and reading Braille and obtain Japanese Braille
literacy. NetBraille-J consists of three
parts: 1) basic instructions of Braille, 2) examining the
basic structure writing Braille with Java applet, 3) step-by-step
exercise with contextual instructions. Basic Instructions
of Braille
This part consists of HTML documents and provides
introduction for users who are new to Japanese Braille. The main
purpose of this part is to give basic background knowledge about Braille
and blind people. This will give a motivation to users, especially casual
observers on the Web. Examining the Basic
Structure
This part consists of Braille Writer
applet, which is implemented in Java. With real Braille writer, the user
punch out the dots on a paper and readable raised dots appear on the other
side of the paper [2]. Braille Writer is a
simulation of an actual paper and has two areas: the reverse (writing)
and the front (reading). Both areas have several Braille cells and the
reverse area is clickable. User can "write" Braille on
the display by clicking this area just like writing Braille on the paper
with slate and stylus. 
Figure 2: Braille Writer
applet For
instance, the user can click dot 1 of the first Braille cell as shown at
Figure 3. 
Figure 3: The
user wrote "A" in the
reverse area. The result will be
reflected on the front area. The area shows the mirror image of the
reverse area and Japanese characters matched with the written Braille.
Braille Writer has a dictionary in order to show these Japanese
characters. The dictionary covers Arabic numerals, alphabet and all
Japanese characters including "You-on",
"Daku-on". 
Figure 4:
Kana character of "A" displayed on reading
area If a user click dot-6 of the most
right cell in Figure 3, which already has dot 1 clicked, Japanese
character "A" will change to "Ka"
(Figure 5). If a reverse cell represents indicator of special characters such
as "Daku-on", the color of the correspondent front cell
will be changed. So does the cell next to it indicating that those two
cells represent one Japanese character
(Figure 6). 
Figure 5: The cell
changed to
"Ka"
Figure 6:
"Ga", one of "Daku-on", is of a voiced
sound indicator and "ka". Two
red cells appeared in the front
area. The user
is expected to operate Braille Writer freely, so that he/she can
get an idea how it works. Step-by-step
Exercise
The exercise part consists of an instruction area and
two applets: Braille Writer and Braille
Tutor.
Braille Tutor shows a question from the instruction file. It displays
Japanese words or sentence and ask user to write appropriate Braille with
Braille Writer. After the user writes Braille and clicks
"Submit" button, it determines the answer is right or wrong.
If the answer is right, the user proceeds to the next question. If the user
submit a wrong answer several times, Braille Tutor
shows another instruction on display area. The instruction will be more
in detail as wrong answer
increase. In our current
system, Braille Tutor does not have strict strategy and
constraints for instruction. In other words, the system expects the user
learn actively. For instance, Braille Tutor has power switch. If the
user get confused with the exercise, he/she can switch off Braille
Tutor and confirm combination between Japanese letters and Braille
cells. 
Figure 7: Step-by-step exercise with Braille
Writer and Braille
Tutor Related
Works
There are some works about Braille tutorial on the
Web.
Internet Braille Wizard [3] shows
combinations between Braille and alphabet graphically. The
user types some letters in the form, and it displays Braille image. On
the contrary, in our system, the user will interact with the image
dynamically. Japanese Braille simulation with Java applet is also shown at
Ant Works Company's page [4] . This system
shows one Braille cell and user can click dots or submit letters.
This applet is separated from their Braille tutorial. Future
Prospects
This system is designed for the beginner to learn
skills of Braille. On the current system, we focused on learning of
the combinations between Kana and Braille. By using this system,
the user can read and write some words in Braille. There still remains a
problem that the user will have some difficulty with transcribing
Japanese sentence to Braille,
however. We can
support some of Japanese problems by making appropriate instructions and
questions. In order to help middle level transcribers, the additional
functions are needed. Supporting 6
keys input: Simultaneous input by 6 keys on the keyboard (for instance,
"s","d","f","j","
k","l") is the general method for the experts. We will
support this input method on Braille Writer applet and Braille
Tutor. Read training: Our current system centered
on writing Braille. By supporting Braille read training, learning efficiency
will increase. More robust instruction: This is a
matter of Braille Tutor applet enhancement. Braille Tutor
must be capable of analyzing submitted answers, and presenting more
contextual instructions. Discussions
Generally
speaking, the volunteers at Braille libraries are selected as experts,
because the quality of the book will directly reflect trust of the library. So
Braille library have to reject some people who wants to learn
Braille. We believe NetBraille-J will close this gap. And
wide spread of Braille system will have a good effect to Braille library and
to blind people. Recently
computer technology has made Braille transcription different to what it
used to be. There are a number of transctiption styles in terms of how
transcription process to be automated. Some people type Braille
directly with six keys. Other people only transcribe Kanji
to Kana. There are some transcribers who can't read and write
Japanese Braille. Our goal is to have volunteer transcribers
capable with at least basic Braille literacy and to have other people
interested in Braille. For such purpose, powerful and attractive
learning support environment is
necessary. Conclusions
We have proposed a
Japanese Braille literacy support system for the beginners,
NetBraille-J. We also described the unique structure of Japanese
Braille and transcription process from Japanese orthography to
Braille. The system is designed to instruct the structure of
Japanese Braille effectively, and the user can learn a skill of Braille by
interacting with the system actively. The possible enhancements of the
system for supporting mid level transcribers have also been
discussed. The current prototype
system is at URL: http://www.mag.keio.ac.jp/~orecchi/access/bw/braille.html
Acknowledgements
We are
grateful to Ms. Akemi Iida for preparing this manuscript, and to the
members of Multi Modal Interface Project of Keio University for their
comments on this work. References
[1] F. Higuchi, S. Iga and M. Yasumura,
Japanese Literacy Support System for Foreign Students on the World
Wide Web, Proc. of ICCPOL '97, Hong-Kong, April 1997 (To
appear). [2] The Canadian National
Institute for the Blind, The Six Magic Dots of Braille, http://www.cnib.ca/sixdots/ ,
1997. [3] The Internet Braille Wizard,
http://www.access2020.com/
. [4]ANT WORKS
Company's Home Page --TOYONAKA Branch-- (in Japanese), http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~JX1T
UED/ten_java.html.
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