This paper explains the services provided and the current projects at the Dresden University of Technology. The primary goal of the projects is to make study material accessible over the World Wide Web to blind and partially sighted students by using structured hypertext based document formats, like SGML. The paper describes the material preparation processes and the strategies used to improve access by blind students.We also describe a Web service that transforms validated HTML documents into American, French, and German Braille.
The final part of the presentation describes a project to design and implement a hypertext Script Reader for SGML based documents, running on the graphical user interface Windows. This program will allow a blind user to read documents that follow a particular guideline to design accessible study material, on the WWW.
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Development and improvement of designing methods for accessible and user friendly information systems is the main challenge of this work.
The advantage of using SGML based document formats to improve the quality of electronically available reading material for print disabled persons is described in reports about the EU projects HARMONY [2] and MATHS [3] and in our report "A Journal Header Reader for the blind", [4] presented at the SGML Europe conference in May 1995.
The most common SGML DTD is HTML, used in the WWW. This document format provides structured markup which allows us to represent text based study material in an accessible format to blind users.
The provided study material in ASCII Format is less structured, which makes searching and linking for particular data difficult for the user. Our group decided to look for opportunities to improve access to the documents by using a platform independent structured hypertext system, like the WWW.
The first step converts the ASCII files into a format
according to the ICADD22 DTD
[8]. This DTD provides a basic set of SGML elements
necessary to markup a
document structure which is accessible to print disabled persons. This
particular set of markup,
designed by the ICADD (International Committee for Accessible Document
Design), provides easy
access to the general document structure in translating the data into
different formats e.g. Braille, large
print and computer voice.
The second step converts the ICADD files into the HTML V. 2.0 format.
In the current version of the service, tables are represented as plain text without using the particular HTML markup.
Mathematical expressions, which are given in the AMS notation, are not changed during the conversion process. This kind of data remains in the format and can be read by using text oriented WWW browsers.
To extend the service with the capability of translating tables and mathematical expressions into the appropriate HTML markup, it is necessary to improve our designing guideline for the ASCII documents. A new approach of this guideline is available in German at:
The new guideline uses a number of tags, similar to the HTML markup, to represent more structure in the documents. This will allow us to rewrite and to improve the transformation process.
The TU Dresden "International HTML to Braille Service" extends Jeff Suttors [11] idea of translating HTML files into American Braille, from one - into three languages. The transformation of the documents into the different Braille notations is designed by the use of the German HBS software [12]. The service is available at:
A paper, presented at the international conference ICCHP [13], explains in more detail the implementation of the service and how it can be used.
The Script Reader will provide the following features:
By using bridge software (Windows screen reader) to make the graphic user interface accessible to the blind user, the Script Reader will offer the following functions in separate windows:
The system will not provide functions to edit or manipulate the documents but the user can extract and save information in private note - or bookmark files. The history function can be used to trace particular information and to memorize document ancestries.
To test and evaluate the developed concepts, the first version of the table browser is implemented as a separate Windows 3.X application. It renders less and more complex structured HTML tables in different ways and displays the information in a way, which is accessible to blind users. A less structured and small table is displayed in a two dimensional way. Tables which are more complex are displayed using one line of the computer screen for each cell.
To support cooperative work of the blind user together with sighted people, the table browser additionally displays a small image of the general structure of the current table. This image can be found in a corner of the computer screen and does not disturb the blind user.
Table TAB01: (Items of the table browser main menu) item general functionality ------------------------------------------------------------FILE open, close or store a table
SEARCH search for content in a cell, repeat search
NAVIGATION table - and cell navigation functions
STATISTIC shows the complexity and the number of
rows, columns and cells in a table
WINDOWS grouping and appearance of windows
HELP information on how to use the program
After a blind user has chosen a table he would like to read, by using the FILE menu, the SEARCH and the NAVIGATION menus become accessible in the main menu item list. The Cursor is located on the title of the table.
To get an overview of the displayed table, the user can activate the STATISTIC menu. The STATISTIC window contains information about the complexity of the table and the number of rows, columns and cells in the current table. The complexity is a value between 0 (no complexity) and 1 (highest complexity). It tells the user, whether there are multiple lines in table cells or not.
Note, complexity is calculated as a quotient of vc (virtual cells) divided by vc plus rc (real cell). The vc is the sum of all COLSPAN and ROWSPAN attribute values in one table. The rc is the number of all cell elements in the current table.
To search for particular content in a table, the user can open the SEARCH menu.
By chosing items from the NAVIGATION menu, the cursor is located to the requested position in the table. Most items in this menu are also available as hotkeys. The following navigation functions are available:
Table TAB02: (Functions available to navigate into a table) Menu item Description Hotkey ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- HORIZONTAL HEADER CELL, cursor to the left header cell in a row , CTRL+H VERTICAL HEADER CELL, cursor to the top header cell in a column, CTRL+V RIGHT CELL , cursor to the right cell, CTRL+CURSOR-RIGHT LEFT CELL, cursor to the left cell, CTRL+CURSOR-LEFT ABOVE CELL, cursor to the cell above , CTRL+CURSOR-UP BELOW CELL, cursor to a cell below, CTRL+CURSOR-DOWN GO TO A CELL, cursor to a requested position (row, column), CTRL+G CURRENT CELL , cursor to the beginning of the current cell, CTRL+A UNDO, reverse the last navigation, CTRL+Z
The listed control-key-functions allow the user to navigate from cell to cell in the structure of a table. The regular cursor keys can be used to move the cursor only in a cell.
These two levels of navigation (outside - and inside a cell navigation) help the blind user explore the structure and the content of a table.
Any Feedback regarding this matter would be sincerely appreciated.