The lingua franca of the World Wide Web is the HyperText Markup Language (HTML) which presents information as a Web of small documents linked to each other. While this Web navigation is convenient when searching for a specific information, it may be cumbersome when all the information must be read anyway (like traditional linear texts). The proposed approach adds linearization hints to a Web of HTML documents and provides tools to automatically generate a linear version of a Web. Furthermore, a table of contents, an index and a list of references are automatically produced for the linear version.
In the past few years, the number of Internet users and the amount of information available have increased significantly. The World Wide Web is probably the medium which has enjoyed the most important growth. It can be defined as a set of protocols (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) [1], formats (Hypertext Markup Language, HTML) [2], software tools and conventions.
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Hypertext documents are nodes of information linked together. This way,
each separate topic resides in a separate file and may be used
in different contexts. For instance, an HTML document on copying
garbage collection may be pointed to from documents on
algorithms, object oriented programming, or on the Modula-3 language.
Other document processing formats such as LaTeX [19] may be divided into small sections which are merged into a linear document with "input" commands. However, these systems have little support for reusing a file in several documents. Indeed, the pathnames must be relative to the document root, instead of to the current file in HTML, and header level must be adequate for the context of the including document. Other popular document formats such as GNU info [] and Linux-doc sgml present similar problems. Moreover, with the importance of the World Wide Web as the most up to date source of information, and the wide availability of tools such as Amaya [] for HTML authoring, it is preferable to use HTML as the source format than to convert from another format (e.g. LaTeX) to HTML.
The flexibility allowed by HTML to split documents into small reusable nodes is also a source of problems. Indeed, in many cases the information should be available both as an online Web and as a linear printable document. Examples include the Modula-3 language definition and libraries, the Java language definition, libraries and tutorial, and several documents from the World Wide Web consortium (W3C) and the Linux documentation project.
The objective of the proposed approach is to enter all the information in HTML, possibly with some linearization hints. Then tools may be used to point at a HTML Web node and recursively follow the appropriate links in order to produce a linear HTML document. Converting to another format (ASCII, LaTeX, Postscript) is a somewhat separate and simpler issue.
A Web site may be represented as a network of nodes where each node represents an HTML file (see Figure 1). However, A number of issues need to be examined for producing a linear document from a Web of HTML nodes.
An HTML document usually consists of:
Figure 2: Nonlinear structure
Figure 2 presents the structure of the Web site before the linearization and Figure 3 after the linearization. When performing the linearization on the graph, links which have the label REL=SUBDOCUMENT and REL=INCLUDES are followed. In the example, this is the case for links a,b,c and i. Links d,e,f,g,h,j,k and l don't have this label and are treated as references.
Two types of references exist: internal references and external
references. Some references were already internal to a node. Other references
were external to a node but point to another node included in the linear
document and thus become internal. Finally, some external references remain
external after the linearization.
In the nonlinear structure, links f and
g are initially external references. However, since they point to
nodes 3 and 5 which have been included in the linear document,
they become internal references and their HREF attribute is updated
accordingly in the linear document.
However, links k and h, which were also external references, point to nodes
6 and 7 which are not included in the linear document. Therefore, they remain
unchanged as external references in the linear document.
Figure 3: Linear structure
Once the linearization is performed, it is useful to construct derived nodes containing information about the linear document, or about the web of visited nodes. In the first case, the address within the linear document is used, while in the second case the original address within the web is used.
A table of contents lists all the headers. Nested lists are used to represent the sections hierarchy. Each list entry is a link containing the section title, and pointing to the relevant position in the linear document or the web of visited nodes. Thus, each header should have an ID attribute. Similarly, a list of figures or tables may be constructed; the FIGURE element was recently dropped from the newer HTML 3.2 proposal however.
A reference list is another important but slightly more complex
derived node. It should contain a list of all
references external to the linear document.
However, these references are in URL form while most printed documents prefer
traditional bibliographic entries. In some cases the URL may point
to a bibliographic entry:
The rules defined earlier in this text, for the linearization of a web, have been implemented in a HTML processing framework named htmlkit. Unlike the algorithm of Sharples and Goodlet [3], which relies solely on heuristics to guide the librarization through the web, htmlkit uses heuristic rules and linearization hints annotations (REL attribute in links).
The framework is implemented as a set of reusable Modula-3 [4] libraries. The low level of coupling between the different modules in the libraries makes it easy to interchange or upgrade components. The libraries are decomposed as follows:
The linearization tool implemented in htmlkit was tested on a Sun Sparc 5 workstation with 32 Mo of RAM. In each case, a web was linearized, an index, a table of contents and a list of references were built, and the output was converted to ASCII, LaTeX and Postscript.
Table 1 presents the elapsed time as a function of the number of nodes
linearized. The processing time grows linearly with the number of nodes
involved. In the current implementation, the modularity was favored
over the performance. In any case, in typical applications, the network
or disk access delay is likely to be the major limiting factor.
Nevertheless, a large document may be linearized in approximately
one minute.
| Nbr. of nodes | CPU time (s) | User delay (s) | Size | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| files (Ko) | memory (Ko) | |||
| 34 | 28.31 | 31.84 | 34.687 | 2494 |
| 94 | 35.11 | 38.62 | 53.654 | 2536 |
| 125 | 40.81 | 45.84 | 90.132 | 2685 |
| 186 | 52.72 | 71.89 | 101.866 | 2699 |
| 217 | 56.75 | 76.33 | 107.630 | 2703 |
| 248 | 61.17 | 82.66 | 128.856 | 2709 |
| 306 | 71.03 | 110.84 | 166.397 | 2816 |
Figure 4: CPU time used versus nbr. of nodes in the network
Figure 5: Memory used versus nbr. of nodes in the network
Figure 6: Memory used versus the size of bytes/nodes for a constant graph size (94Kb)
This paper presents a framework to linearize HTML documents. By adding a small number of hints to web nodes, as attributes in HTML tags, it is possible to derive automatically a high quality linear printable version from a web. This way, authors of technical documents such as reference manuals can benefit from using HTML (hypertext navigation, widely available browsers and authoring tools, content oriented structure, multi-platform support) while gaining the possibility of producing high quality books starting from different possible root nodes in their web. As this and similar approaches gain acceptance, the tags and attributes used to annotate links, indexing terms, bibliographic references... should get better standardized. Further work on the prototype will be aimed at providing a more thorough customization layer in the conversion between the linear HTML document and the printable LaTeX/Postscript output. This may be achieved by allowing the redefinition of the LaTeX command associated with each HTML construct. It may also be useful to allow optional LaTeX layout parameters to be annotated in HTML attributes, although this would overlap with the planned functionality for the style sheets.