Yan Zhao
IBM Corporation
zhaoy@vnet.ibm.com
This paper introduces a single login web service integrator, named WebEntrance. It provides an aggregated web service on top of existing web service systems (as compomemts) with a centralized access control and content customization facility, though each service system may have its own access control facility and provide its own independent service. It implements a flexible and dynamic component bundling mechanism, and can provide personalized service with user selected component sets. WebEntrance provides a convenient way for new components to be plugged in and be played. The owner of the aggregated web service can decide to keep each component's original branding, add more information, filter out certain content, or customize the presentations. WebEntrance also provides a single user registration and authentication interface for all of its user-selectable service components. WebEntrance currently accommodates web service components invoked via HTTP protocol (i.e. under a web server) and service components invoked directly from local or remote APIs. Other component interfaces will be implemented later with consideration of CORBA compliance.
The mechanism for invoking a service component via local or remote APIs is
readily available in current software implementations. For this reason, this paper
emphasizes the integration of web service components that can be reached via HTTP
protocol. The web service components mentioned in this paper include both static
HTML based service systems and web application systems that involve computation
logic for dynamic web content generation based on web client requests.
The trend of web service commercialization and personalization usually involves
user access control. That means user registration is required to obtain a service, and
users need to be authenticated each time to access the services, e.g. by providing the
user ID and password. Due to a growing number of web services and with each
providing their own authentication facilities, it has been inadvertently inconvenience
to the web users. For example, a user’s ID in one system can not be used in another
system due to duplication, and the password validation policy (e.g. the lasting time
period, character restrictions, etc.) in one system may be different from another.
Consequently, a user has to have multiple user IDs and passwords, and must be
authenticated many times to access different services. These multiple user IDs and
passwords are inconvenient to use and difficult to manage. WebEntrance can solve
this problem by providing one common entrance for a user to access all of the web
service components. That means a user needs to register and be authenticated only
once at the entrance. Then, the WebEntrance takes care of user registration and
authentication to the other corresponding web service components. WebEntrance also
provides the users with the convenience of finding all of the interested web services in
one place thus saving the users exploration time.
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In addition, WebEntrance empowers a web aggregation service provider by not
only providing single login entrance for users, but also being able to change web
service components’ original branding, customize the presentation, filter out certain
content, and put in his own advertisements. Contents from different web service
components are made accessible to the aggregation service provider via WebEntrance
prior to sending them to the end users. This allows the aggregation service provider to
customize the content. Through WebEntrance, the aggregation service provider can
also provide personalized services. Customers can select what pre-bundled web
service component groups they want via initial registration, and they can change their
selections any time afterwards. With the use of the WebEntrance's GUI based
administration sub-system, an aggregation service provider can add or remove a web
service component easily to or from his service site. Also, he can dynamically bundle
the service components into different groups, and manage user information and
accessibilities to the different groups. Of course, the web service component's update
and dynamic bundling will not interrupt customers services.
Two WebEntrance application scenarios are described as follows:
The WebEntrance adopts object oriented architecture and design. It is based on
the object oriented java web servers and is implemented purely in Java language [1]
[2], therefore, it is platform independent. Currently, it is implemented on Jeeves [4],
and will be ported to other java web servers as well.
As shown in Figure 2.1, the WebEntrance mainly consists of three sub-systems: a
user registration sub-system, a service engine, and an administration sub-system. The User
Registration Sub-system coordinates user registration information with the
corresponding service components. The Service Engine accepts requests from web
browsers and passes them to the corresponding service components, obtains
responses from the components and sends them back to the web browsers. Also, it
conveys user authentication information to the corresponding components, and
provides various service options. The Administration Sub-system is implemented
with a GUI, which provides a convenient mechanism for managing users and web
service components, as well as for service and web content customization. There is
also a Data Manager which maintains a repository for user, service component, user
access group, and component bundling information. It also manages a set of persistent
objects to accommodate repository accesses from different threads and processes. This
data manager and relevant persistent objects are implemented on the top of JDBC[7],
therefore can facilitate the plugging in to different database products.
A user needs to be registered to get services from WebEntrance. The user
registration information is propagated to the user selected web service components or
applications by the registration sub-system. Initial groups of service components can
be selected during registration. After registration, a user is granted a user ID, a
password and a certificate if there is a SSL (Secure Socket Layer) authentication
involved in a selected web service component. Then, the user can login to the member
service provided by WebEntrance. After user login, the service engine will
authenticate the user and provide a personalized home page to the user which
includes all service components the user has selected. When the user clicks a
component's hyper-link, the request is sent to the service engine. The service engine
first compares the user's access to the accessibility requirements possessed by the
requested service component. If the user has the correct accessibility, the service
engine will get the web content according to the requested URL, and send it back to
the user. Also, users may select to post content to the system of a web service
component. Optionally, the service engine can also support usage logs and reporting,
and an interface to a billing/payment sub-system.
The WebEntrance administration sub-system is implemented in two versions, a
server based java application version and a web browser viewable java applets
version. The user interface is basically the same in these two versions.
The user registration sub-system allows users to register themselves. Also, it
provides to a user with an initial list of selectable service groups. Each group has a list
of service components, and each component can reside in multiple groups. Also, a
user can access multiple groups. The user registration information is stored in a
persistent repository (i.e. a database) via the data manager. This registration
information is propagated to the access control systems of user selected service
components. Therefore, only one registration is necessary to access all service
components that are routed to the WebEntrance. It also enables a single user
authentication interface, i.e. a user needs only to login once to access all of the services
provided by selected service components. A sample user registration form is shown
in Figure 3.1.
WebEntrance provides two types of user registration mechanisms, automatic
registration and administrator assisted registration via Email. In the automatic
registration mechanism, a user fills in a registration form like the one shown in Figure
3.1. Then, the registration form is sent to the registration sub-system via a URL. The
registration sub-system parses the users information, and saves it directly to the
persistent data repository through the data manager.
If a proofing procedure needs to be performed before a user can be registered, the
administrator assisted registration mechanism can be applied. In this registration
mechanism, user's registration forms are routed to a system administrator via Email.
Basically, the registration synchronization between WebEntrance and other web
service components is achieved by propagating user registration information in
WebEntrance to other user selected service components via the regular registration
channel of these components, usually via HTML forms. This means, after a user
registered to the WebEntrance, a number of registration forms are dynamically
generated which correspond to the web service components that the user has selected.
Each registration form is generated from a pre-defined template that is derived from
the registration form of the corresponding web service component.
Each time a user updates his/her service component group selection list, his/her
registration information will be sent to the newly selected components, and de-
registration information will be sent to the components that the user de-selected.
Some web service components may require more specific information than the
general registration information that WebEntrance provides. In this case, an
additional request form will prompt to a user by WebEntrance after the user selects these specific
service components.
The architecture of the WebEntrance Service Engine is shown in Figure 4.1. The
Service Engine provides a gateway entrance for all of the web service requests. It
accepts requests from web browsers, parses the requests and dispatches them to the
corresponding service components. Then, it obtains responses from the components,
processes the contents, transforms the URLs by redirecting them to the service engine,
and sends the processed contents back to the web browsers. A dispatcher and a
transformer are involved for URL redirection computing during the service. This
enables all web service requests and the fed back contents go through the service
engine, more exactly, the web service coordinator in Figure 4.1.
The web service coordinator manages the workflow among the different
components inside the service engine. The access authenticator checks a user's
credentials (e.g. user ID and password) and his/her service request. If the accessibility
matches, the access authenticator send a “true” to the web service coordinator, if not
match a "false" is sent. Based on the authentication information sent from the access
authenticator, the web service coordinator either sends the web client request to the
dispatcher, or sends back alert information to the user to inform them of the access
violation. A cache manager is implemented to enhance the performance. It caches the
persistent data for the web service components and the recently visited users.
For maximum performance, the WebEntrance service engine is implemented
using a client/server approach. The web service client is very thin and resides under
the HTTP server. It is invoked by requests from web clients. One web service client
instance is created by the HTTP server to handle a single user request. The
WebEntrance service engine is operated using multiple threads and the threads can
run in separate physical machines for scaleability. The connection between a web
service client and a WebEntrance service engine instance is established by the
connection manager . Both the connection manager and the WebEntrance service
engine run continuously. After receiving a request from a web browser, the web
service client sends a request to the connection manager to ask for connection to a
WebEntrance service engine instance. The connection manager tries to find an
available engine instance and make the connection. If no engine instance is available,
the connection manager will put the web service client process to sleep. The
connection manager knows how many engine instances exist and which ones are
available. When an engine instance is available, the connection manager will wake up
a sleeping web service client and establish the connection. After the client/server
connection is established, the web service client sends the web browser request to the
WebEntrance service engine, and the engine returns a data stream to the application
client in web browser viewable syntax. Then, the web service client sends this data
stream back to the web browser.
An instance of the WebEntrance service engine can be added or removed by an
administrator based on the user volume of requests. This service scale adjustment
operation will not interrupt the services. A similar client/server implementation can
be found in both IBM Digital Library Internet Connection [3] and Sun's Java Web Server -
Jeeves [4] [5].
There are several different types of user authentication mechanisms, e.g. basic
authentication, digest authentication, SSL authentication, HTML form based
authentication, etc.. A service component's authentication type is stored in the
repository as one of its attributes. After a user is authenticated by the
WebEntrance, his/her credential is sent to the requested service component
based on the component's authentication type. For example, for a basic or a digest
authentication, the user's ID and password obtained from the header of his/her
request will be passed to the requested service component; for a SSL authentication,
instead of sending a password to the requested service component, a certificate will be
sent out; for a HTML form based authentication, an appropriate query string will be
sent. For the SSL authentication, a user only needs one certificate for the WebEntrance
service engine. The WebEntrance service engine has all certificates to the different
web service components that use SSL authentication.
After conducting an authentication, the web service coordinator sends the user
request to the web request dispatcher. The dispatcher constructs a URL based on a
parameter string passed by the user requested URL and the server map information
stored in the repository. Then, the dispatcher sends the constructed URL to a
corresponding web service component, gets response content back and sends it to the
web service coordinator.
After the web service coordinator obtained the returned content from the
corresponding web service component via dispatcher, it checks through the content
and performs the follow operations:
The GUI based administration sub-system provides system administrators with a
convenient tool for the management of end users and web service components, as well
as for the web aggregation service customizations. It is implemented in two versions,
java application that is based on the WebEntrance server, and java applets that can be
accessed from any java enabled web browser. Its major functions are:
We have described a web service integration system in this paper, the
WebEntrance. It is to provide an aggregated web service by bringing other web
service systems, we call them the web service components, into the service site.
Although each web service component may have its own user registration and
authentication facilities, the integrated service system performs user information and
credential coordination activities and provides a single registration and login
capability to its users. The aggregated web service provides convenience to users by
providing all their interested services in one place, and accessing all the services by a
single login. For a web service provider, the aggregation of web service components
from other web sites can broaden his content, enrich his portfolio, and add
attractiveness to his web site.
The system is implemented purely in java with java servlets [4] [5] [6] under a HTTP
server, JDBC for repository or database access, and java applets for the administration
sub-system.
The project will continue to add new features, e.g. an advertisement system, usage
logs and reporting, billing/payment sub-system, etc..
This work was supported by the Telecommunications and Media Solutions Unit
of IBM. I would like to thank my colleague Khalid Asad for his contribution to the
conceptual architecture and implementation tools during his initial involvement to
this project. I would like to thank Denny Zhang, Chris Demas and others for their
implementation work. Also, I would like to thank Paul Grandin, Chris Demas, and
Andrea Macaluso for proof reading of this paper. I especially would like to thank
Frank Stein, my manager, for giving me the opportunity to lead this project.
