By Mike Paciello (paciello@yuri.org)
Information access for people with disabilities is creating numerous opportunities and challenges within the Information Highway community. Additionally, as a result of the increasing paradigm shift by the publishing industry toward Internet and WWW-based document delivery systems, the importance of producing accessible information using electronic document mechanisms has increased immeasurably.
The primary focus of this paper involves the production of electronic documents for people with disabilities. However, the key principals involved in the design, production, and delivery of information apply regardless of the document medium.
smoke fetish archive Avril lavigne pussy genie in a string bikinie cast Girls fuck horses stories pornstars xxx babes Nikki schieler ziering nude dickies jeans Skinny teen bitches hentai sex videos free Little girls sex nude pot Boob tube High school musical vanessa nude pics free artistic nude photos pussy prowler Gayforit watch free lesbian videos free teen celebs nude Bikini dare galleries spiritual sport fucking Big and beautiful porn stars
faked nude Sleep nude girls nature nude video Catfight nude nude asian sluts nude ladies pussy Sara roemer nude asian girls non nude School girls nude pics gay nude workout Nude nudist pamela anderson playboy nude pics Kathrine heigel nude Free nude hentai fairies nude swedish blonde nude Nude celebrity videos for free nude celebrities miley cyrus nude south african men Free hardcore nude nude cellphone pictures Bollywood nude boobs
blowjobs gallery Jim hardick free porn videos no credit card Creatine sex milfporn star aluminium essex Free video sex positions ultrapasswords xxx Xxx teen britney spears blowjob video Facts teenagers curfews natural hairy pussy Amature women Edwin carungay fuckyourtube sexproadventures Free kinky sex tips rave sex porn lyrics sexy back Better than sex cake recipe final fantasy rikku xxx Paris hilton blowjob
free yno sex video 3d young art sex phone web cam sex Amature woman sex party free home-made sex clips young sex in america Free dirty sex pictures best sfrican sex movies He she sex pics picts of amature sex Julie michaels sex scene bible view on sex Sex tv tv show Extreme insertion sex 6 fee animal sex vids sex girls piss tube Thai pussy sex porn sex 3d fantasy pics sex mature woman jokes Jeremiah birthday sex bio tulsa police sex registration Sex vedeo stream chat
independent sex scenes Racist daughter sex clearanced sex toys K9 sex clips britney sex movies black sex squirt Awsome hard sex manson sex onstage Nimpho sex classifieds sex offenders index Nomid animal sex hardcore lezbo sex Oral sex possitions Out sex videos sly fox sex famos toon sex Only ebony sex anette dawn sex extent sex pill Mature hairy sex asian sex french Kim kardishan sex
education research group Ari banerjee yankee group ancestry group Randy orton group free group sex porno group insurances Galleon group hedge fund rubber fab technologies group Attorneys group group b infection Risk retention group insurance the rules support group Green resources group Group dynamics team r46b group high five amateurs group Amazing group sex on demand color group lesbian group gallery Campy centaur group accept group Group of deer is called
fucking machine xxx College sex xxx chobits xxx Iran xxx sexo xxx enanas collection xxx Eve angel xxx pork xxx Older women xxx download free psp xxx Xxx sluts videos swingers xxx free Free bi xxx Photos xxx free harecore xxx xxx porn passwords Rapes xxx xxx adult dvd xxx gratis con putas Web site xxx free xxx mangas Alena seredova xxx
ball dragon porn video The thrills music video woman squirting free video Roma video card e pci video mtv jam video Apartment mikes picture video paris hilton video stills Big cock homemade movie council meeting video Studio telescope video converter ipod ora video Victoria pink videos Uk movies cussler movie new video releases 2005 Conferencing live video violence video games children tasha nelson video Rv video camera movie graber Adam sandler secret video
teacher sex crazydumper Sex health video marriage with sex Celebrity sex viceos busty office sex shove bull sex Football sex rio free sex shots Consensual submission sex free sex gemes Mauritius sex site hardcore sex mp3 Barbarella sex machine Hunting sex jessica alien sex gaems free sex xxx Muscular sex pictures ass booty sex dogpound group sex Anail sex videos vitamins before sex Brewster sex stories
asians sex Haveing sex with a man lesbien sex xxx Hypno girl sex arabic sex 9356 biker girls sex Guilty gear sex mature free sex tube Nude girls having sex with boys ray j and kim kardashian full sex tape for free Cyber sex forum what is angry sex Sex while pregnant pictures When can i have sex and not get pregnant home made amateur sex tapes dog sex beastality Sex games online for women clips cartoon sex taboo charming mother sex Girl sex pose hardcore gothic sex Best sex teacher
love sex relatioships Historical books sex pegging sex literature Sex story community sex bites torrent long sex trailors Gonzo rawr sex carrie bradshaw sex Voung teen sex home sex stream Kinky sex forum savvanah gold sex Anal sex wide Crushing for sex comic sex jokes mermaid sex videos Pet sex foram ali sheffield sex cancer sex partners Calforina sex retreat mini teens sex Anal sex cum
victorian xxx Xxx sci fi sexy photos xxx Xxx video play xxx babe videos animail xxx All xxx tube tilf 2 xxx Xxx puzzle black porno xxx 3gp xxx wap videos streaming xxx Free xxx moves Muscle gay xxx free gothic xxx video naruto xxx Xxx pass free best xxx movie 2008 xxx dog clips Xxx free e cards xxx porn full videos Xxx stone
porn movie theaters Morgan lane porn catherine porn Porn mom son sex mommy and daddy porn kasumi porn Find porn torrents rumania porn Xxx pictures porn black porn videos free Discipline porn biggest penis porn Littel girl porn Porn leg warmers tiny tits porn movies top 10 porn clips Free lovemaking porn homemade mexican porn vanessa raia porn Muslim porn sex free high definition porn streaming James nichols gay porn
fuck me gay Vulva fuck sexy fuck movie Mother lets son fuck her fuck you mom and dad mommy fuck son Father son fuck girl porn to fuck Fuck off letter fuck my boob Megaupload fuck i fuck my mother inlaw Doggy style fuck videos Woman looking to fuck shemales fuck girls movies kama sutra fuck Fuck you love mother daughter fuck boyfriend fuck church Dog fuck woman movies the fuck buttons Man fuck his dog
Blowjob And Cum Swallow mom giving son blowjob Preggo Blowjob free blowjob compilations blowjob mature Blowjob Guys blowjob fantasies 18 Avatar Blowjob sister gave me a blowjob Tickling Blowjob blowjob at school Hentai Porn Blowjob Fake Blowjob girl pukes during blowjob blowjob tryouts Guys Blowjob japanese girl giving blowjob most famous blowjob Gay Horse Blowjob double blowjob vids Blowjob Outdoor
Youngest Girl Porn Ever plus size sexy school girl Flavor Flav Girl Poops all girl sex videos girl porche Baby Girl I Want You gossip girl on tv com Hey Hey Baby Will You Be My Girl naked girl shitting Little Girl Photos ghetto black girl Go Go Girl Adult Girl Psp Theme girl for sale on ebay pin up girl hats Little Monster Girl naked teen girl pics black girl actress Sleeping Girl Gets Raped how to approach a girl online Girl And Girl Haveing Sex
Ink bitch webbie gutta bitch Lyrics to five star bitch bitch in french Badd bitch quotes cant trust no bitch Bitch asian im a pretty bitch Kristen stewart is a bitch a bitch slap G unit fat bitch Shut up bitch download im in san diego bitch cock hungry bitch Teeh fuck the bitch is kristen stewart a bitch bitch milfs Lyrics to bitch by meredith brooks foot fetish bitch Shake that ass bitch and let
paris hilton beach sex Cocksucker snake girls xxx Nude booty poppin little teens pics most extreme porn list Audience analysis heather locklear nude Porn star named madison lolita preteens Cheyanne bride black cock joelle amateur Nude christina aguilera Nice nude teen photo gallery hot cab mature sex sites Fucked by my dog mpegs massive tits men fucking boys Swedish porn galleries amateur nudes Sexy superheroes
bbw nude women Nude pussy cum naomi nude Nude asian americans courtney smith nude sienna guillory nude Girls basketball nude kate bosworth nude fakes Amateur wife nude photos ukraine nude teen Big black ass nude kiera knightley nude pics Nude russians Sleep nude chris brown rihanna nude photos pic of nude girls Bollywood nude images sexy and nude pics free nude college girl videos Nude dads and daughters ameture nude pictures Serena williams nude pix
1st Anal Sex what is an anal prolapse Types Of Anal Sex gay anal sex technique gay anal fisting videos Why Does Anal Sex Feel Good video double anal Lesbian Teens Anal largest anal dildo Lesbian Anal Toy anal sex poop videos Anal Hidden Cam Amateur Interracial Anal amy amour anal how to anal intercourse Anal Sex Condoms eyaculacion anal free anal streaming Anne Hathaway Loves Anal mini anal Unnatural Anal Insertions
Anal Guest free full anal movies Manual Anal 1st anal video shits herself anal Couple Anal Sex roxy renolds anal Sara Jay First Anal Scene anal destruction casedy Como Hacer El Sexo Anal anal sex effects Anal Cancer Blog Anal Toys Lesbian ice la fox anal scene lesbian anal vid Rough Anal Sex Clips wet anal double anal sex movie Palin Anal really painful anal Shitty Anal Fuck
rodox sex mpg Shower sex how penis breasts sex Sex malam pertama random sex videos exsplicit sex videos Sex lubrication silicone i post sex Sex fat chick celebriies having sex Adult sex animations sex and motorcycles Adult sex therapy Laura cover sex fucking having sex sex vacation caribbean Pool sex orgasm women barbershop sex office sex gay Secretaire office sex black sex vod Rainbow mika sex
Rock cock jock cock robin when your Wife big cock huge cock free pics Mature sucking black cock cock docking clips Hardcore riding cock cock sucking whores Fuck you cock sucker cock fighting rules Big cock hardcore Hubby loans to black cock milf sucking young cock two cock in pussy Cock sucker t shirt two cock fucking cock pierced Tila tequila suck cock largest cock videos White teen black cock
miss teen usa south carolina Fucking boobs thumbnails free videos of gay black me gandbang Senior sex trailer sophie monk nude nude music videos Britney spears porn video maggie grace nude Preteen bikini movies xxx Sexy pamela anderson vanessa new nude photos Aisha tyler nude pics Gametophyte produces male female sex mate plants toothless blowjob monthly membership streaming porn Pinkpanteens preteens in thongs lingerie nudecollege students Fat mature sex teen monologues Ebony muff diving
sex with hookers Free jaybee sex sex with redheads Cartoons about sex usa sex forum retarted girls sex Photo booth sex gay virgin sex Female sex chromosome sex teen candy Teenage sex story sex feet tingle Celebrity sex sces Flex girl sex lesbian sex galerii work at sex Rough sex free roug gangbang sex hypnosis sex best Sex trek 6 teens wating sex Ssecretary sex videos
1st Anal Sex what is an anal prolapse Types Of Anal Sex gay anal sex technique gay anal fisting videos Why Does Anal Sex Feel Good video double anal Lesbian Teens Anal largest anal dildo Lesbian Anal Toy anal sex poop videos Anal Hidden Cam Amateur Interracial Anal amy amour anal how to anal intercourse Anal Sex Condoms eyaculacion anal free anal streaming Anne Hathaway Loves Anal mini anal Unnatural Anal Insertions
The paper will attempt to:
The publishing paradigm shift is nearly complete: We have moved from a paper-based, typewriter-generated, hand-edited, printing press produced publication to a paperless, intelligent WYSIWYG software generated, WWW-published hyperdocument. Not only has the shift changed the way information is produced, it has changed the way individuals read that information.
For temporarily able bodied (TABs) persons, the shift has resulted in increased availability to a global information set never before achieved. Because of this apparent increased availability of information, the publishing industry has wrongly assumed that "what is good for the goose, is good for the gander".
The sad truth is that the proliferation of information does not guarantee its accessibility. Availability does not equate to accessibility. Where people with disabilities (particularly those with print disabilities) are concerned, thoughtless barriers to information are being constructed by electronic publishers. The barrier factor is increased by the magnitude of inexperienced on-line businesses and organizations who have correctly assessed the inexpensive cost of delivering information on the Internet, but have inaccurately assumed that because it's on the Web, it must be easy to read...or access.
What are the key issues involving information accessibility for people with disabilities? Do solutions exist to assist publishers in the design, production, and delivery of accessible publications? Can publishers increase the accessibility and availability of their documents without sacrificing additional time, creativity, quality, personnel, and money?
The answers to these questions and available resources are discussed in the sections that follow.
Generally speaking, people with disabilities require assistive or adaptive devices to assist them in rendering or viewing a document. Those in the disability technology field refer to these as "access systems." For example:
Access systems for people with disabilities include (but are not limited to): screen magnifiers, refreshable braille displays, screen readers, synthetic speech, caption-ready monitors, or alternative keyboards. The important point here is that the designer of the information need not worry about producing several versions of specialized documents. Rather, the focus should be on designing the source document where a rich set of characteristics can be subsequently rendered or viewed by a wider audience.
To emphasize, this is not a new technology. Those involved in on-line publishing know that a source document can be coded using, for example, symbolic reference tags that are recognized by the document processor and then rendered to plain text, postscript, or browser-compatible output. The same pre- and post-processing capabilities can be refined to produce braille, large text, and synthetic-voice output documents. No doubt, with the advent of publishing mechanisms like HyTime and Digital Audio, natural language voice documents (NLVDs) are possible. Therefore, access is not only achieved for people with disabilities, but language barriers also diminish. Indeed with W3C and SGML consortium support for style sheets and link process definitions, the ability to produce accessible information for all people, disabled or not has never been greater. This is the essence of universal design.
To identify the key issues related to information accessibility it is necessary to break down the publishing process into its natural phases: design, production, and delivery. The primary focus of this paper is on the design process. Later, we will briefly discuss the production and delivery processes.
In the design phase, consider that the most common issues related to document inaccessibility involve complex notation, image rendering, multimedia features and navigation.
Complex notation including math and science is extremely difficult to render in an acceptable format, especially for the blind. Note that most blind persons require an alternative format of the information. Likely the alternative is either ASCII text, Grade II Braille or synthetic speech. Therefore, the proper rendition of the notation is critical to the reader. However, the challenge of rendering complex notation that tends to be graphical in appearance often requires a transformation process. Subsequently, few information publishers are interested in making the investment.
Image rendering provides similar problems. Because the blind or low vision user is likely to be using alternative output (access systems), certain design considerations should be implemented. For example, using meaningful descriptive text in conjunction with figures, images, or other graphical entities within a document. Descriptive or alternative text has become a standard for web based documents. In fact, some authoring tools like HotMeTaL Pro, HotDog Pro, and Corel Web.Designer have built-in prompts for alternate text. Ideally then browser providers should be able to properly display alternative text. The best implementation of alternate text display (are you listening Bill?) is Microsoft's Internet Explorer which automatically displays alternative text using bubble-help type notes as the user passes over the image with the mouse cursor. What will it take to get Netscape into the picture?
Electronic documents that contain multimedia features, including sound or video clips require additional attention. Keep in mind that anything that emits sound cannot be heard by the deaf. It may not be heard by the hard of hearing or, for that matter, anyone viewing the document in a noisy environment. If you believe this to be an impractical example, consider the current industry move to WebTV and public kiosks. While a specific solution for providing web captioning does not exist today, this should be considered an important feature of the document. Logic dictates that if consumer electronic manufacturers can produce televisions and monitors that support internal captioning controls, browser manufacturers and server protocol developers can design the means for delivering captioning through browsers.
Descriptive video provides a blind or low vision user with additional narrative that is useful, sometimes critical to their comprehension of an electronic document. The process simply requires the interjection of descriptive narration during the spots within the video that are not otherwise filled with sound effects or dialogue. As a result, the blind or visually impaired viewer achieves increased comprehension of the video event.
The National Center for Accessible Media (NCAM) in Boston, Massachusetts currently provides a service that implements descriptive video for the motion picture industry. Descriptive video and captioning are perfect examples of how the power of markup should be used to enhance the richness and accessibility of a document. They recently have grants to assist them in the research, design, and delivery of web-based information for public television.
Navigating an electronic document, particularly a hypertext document is a challenge for anyone. Keeping track of where you've been, where you want to go and then getting there can be a cybernightmare. Still, being able to visually navigate through a document has obvious advantages the blind or low vision user cannot easily imitate. A navigational cue as simple as providing colored text provides meaning and definition that the non-visual user cannot see. Therefore, there is a need to design solutions that implement audio cues in concert with visual cues.
Remember too that navigation is often closely tied with memory and consistent design. People with cognitive limitations simply require visual memory aids and simplified page design. An example of this can be found at the WebABLE! website. The designer, Colin Moock, implemented a system of visual cues consisting of opened and closed doors. The concept is basic to most people and simple to learn and remember.
Navigational difficulties clearly present challenges to every user. Consider the difficulty a visual user has today and then imagine doing the same thing with your computer monitor turned off! Or try navigating through a multicolumn table or an on-line newspaper that contains multiple columns on a single page. Without a doubt, navigation requires acute sensory awareness. Navigation is not just a document roadmap; it is not a linear link. Rather, good navigational design includes a combination of seeing, hearing and "feeling" your way to a specific destination in a comprehensible way.
Creating web pages has never been easier. Authoring tools have removed much of the associated complexity of the language. Additionally, where markup languages are concerned, HTML is about as easy as they come. Therein lies the dichotomy. While creating pages is simple, designing pages is not. Additionally, designing accessible web pages appears to be harder. At least the current state of the Web would suggest exactly that. Following is a brief list of guidelines for designing accessible web pages:
Note: Note that in the example above, the seven image icons that border the right side of the page are menu related icons that provide the user with navigational aids throughout the rest of the website. Note also the inconsistent use of ALT text for some images and not for others. How will a blind person comprehend or navigate this site?
Where images require lengthy text descriptions in order to convey proper
definition, some webmasters have created a text anchor to a page. In
this case, the preferred method has been to use the uppercase letter "D"
to signify "descriptive text". Users then click on text anchor and a
full text version of the page is rendered. The WGBH National Center for
Accessible Media accomplishes this nicely as noted in the examples that follow:
The following example shows the text anchor page that results once the user
clicks on the "D" text anchor link:
The accessibility issues related to the production of a document primarily involves two things:
For example, the IBM Bookmanager can build documents for the blind to use with their screen readers and voice synthesizers. This is because IBM Bookmanager supports the ICADD (International Committee for Accessible Document Design) DTD which was designed to produce accessible documents for the print impaired.
Documents produced for the World Wide Web are gradually becoming more accessible and require less "massaging" by a post processor or other intermediary actions because some web browsers contain access features that enhance the readability of a document to persons with disabilities.
In this case, document delivery refers to the ability of an on-line viewer or browser to adequately display a document. Most browsers or viewers were created for temporarily able bodied persons. They do not contain accessible features or controls that make it easier for people with disabilities to use. Additionally, they are rarely designed to allow assistive product manufacturers to easily link their products to using software "hooks".
A classic example is pwWebSpeak (The Productivity Works, Inc.). This GUI browser was designed with synthetic speech and large text functionality built in. It also supports the HTML 2.0 specification which includes the ICADD SGML Document Access (SDA) attributes.
Ensuring electronic document delivery through a browser could be significantly enhanced if developers included assistive preference options that allow a user to "turn on" captioning, descriptive video, sound cues, synthetic voice, keyboard mapping, screen magnification and other accessibility features.
As noted earlier in this paper, people with disabilities are not completely unable to read or view electronic documents. Several solutions exist which were designed to increase accessibility to information. Following are manufacturer supplied descriptions of each solution:
pwWebSpeak is an Internet browser designed for users who wish to access the Internet in a non-visual manner. This includes users who cannot be tied to a keyboard or monitor, blind or visually impaired users, users with dyslexia or other learning disorders, and users who are learning new languages.
The intelligence built into pwWebSpeak understands the HTML constructs and automatically bypasses those constructs that have no relation to the information content of a document. Both speech and large character interpretation of the Web pages are provided so that all classes or users can use the software effectively.
pwWebSpeak is designed specifically to interact directly with the information on the Web pages and to translate the information content into speech. The user may navigate through the structure of a document based on its contents, paragraphs and sentences, rather than having to deal with scrolling and interpreting a structured screen display.
Bobby is a program which finds common accessibility problems on web sites. It was created to help web designers insure the greatest possible audience for their web sites and especially to highlight common accessibility problems that make using the web difficult for those with disabilities. When Bobby analyzes a page, it provides detailed information on:
Both UCLA and the University at Dresden provide an HTML to Braille transformation service. These services allow anyone who has an HTML coded document to send that document to the server which then:
SoftQuad together with the University of Toronto ATRC (Assistive Technology Resouce Centre) are presently engaged in a project to make SGML and HTML authoring and browsing tools accessible to people with disabilities and to guide SGML and HTML authors in creating accessible documents. The user who is reading hyperlinked multimedia documents using access technology such as screen readers, Braille displays or screen magnifiers, faces three challenges:
The user with sight can get a good sense of the content and scope of a document at a glance. Formatting and layout allow the user to quickly find a specific part of a document. This is not the case when using screen readers, Braille displays or screen magnifiers. SoftQuad and the University of Toronto are exploiting the structure inherent in SGML to allow users to efficiently navigate and obtain an overview of the document.
The author would like to acknowledge the assistance and input from the three key people who provided input to this paper:
Additionally, several resources were relied on to develop this paper and are available to users, publishers, and software product manufacturers interested in information accessibility for people with disabilities. Following is a brief list of resources, including URL's where available.
Environment Canada's Adaptive Computer Technology Centre: Accessible Web Page Design
Environment Canada's Adaptive Computer Technology Centre was one of the first web sites to include guidelines and on-line examples of accessible web pages and HTML implementations.
Adaptive Technology Resource Centre at the University of Toronto
The purpose of the ATRC is to: